Linux Tutorial

• VestaCP

VestaCP is open source hosting control panel that provides many features to manage domains, DNS, mail, databases, cron jobs, backups and much more. On Linux systems, a control panel is a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays a simplified set of controls for your system.

• Linux Commands

Linux is free and open-source, so you can simply change anything in Linux. There are several Linux Distributions (also known as distros) - Ubuntu, Red Hat, Mint, Debian, Fedora.

• Linux Commands

ls command is one of the most frequently used command in Linux. With no option, this command list files and directories in bare format where you won’t be able to view details like file types, size, modified date and time, permission and links. There are many options you can use with ls command.

• Linux Commands

Before the introduction of the graphical user interface, UNIX and then Linux provided only a textual command-line interface. Today, a textual interface is available when you log in from a terminal, a terminal emulator, or a textual virtual console, or when you use ssh or telnet to log in on a system.

The Media Access Control address, also known as the MAC address, is a unique number that comes on every computer. One can also think about it as a hardware number.

An operating system is the low-level software that schedules tasks, allocates storage, and handles the interfaces to peripheral hardware, such as printers, disk drives, screen, keyboard, and mouse. An operating system has two main parts: the kernel and the system programs.

Installing software on Linux involves package managers and software repositories, not downloading and running .exe files from websites like on Windows. There are a wide variety of Linux distributions and a wide variety of package managers.

At the very basic level, you need to set up Postfix SMTP server, also known as a MTA (Message Transport Agent). Postfix is a state-of-the-art message transport agent (MTA), also known as SMTP server. It is responsible for transporting messages from a mail user agent (or mail client) to a remote SMTP server.

This tutorial will help you to install Apache, MariaDB and PHP 7.1 (LAMP) on Ubuntu 17.10. You can follow this tutorial on a VPS (Virtual Private Server) or on a local Ubuntu computer.

If you are running a Linux distribution that use Systemd, then you may find that your command in /etc/rc.local file would not run on system boot. The rc-local.service already exists in systemd and, if rc.local exists and is executable, it gets pulled automatically into multi-user.target.

GNOME is the default Desktop in Ubuntu 17.10. Ubuntu 17.10 has dock using dash to Dock GNOME shell extension. It makes the environment to look like unity.

You may get confused over choosing Windows or Linux as host operating system in both server and desktop spaces. With focus on aspects of cost, the functionality provided, hardware compatibility, support, reliability, security, existing software, and other factors, here are reasons why Linux can be better option than Windows operating system.

LAMP stands for Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, and PHP. LAMP is a common web stack used for hosting web content. LAMP is a combination of operating system and open-source software stack.

Setting up host name and server time zone are part of initial basic server configuration. Hostname is the name of the machine.

The root user has unlimited privileges and can execute any command that may even accidentally damage your server. You can create a new user account with limited access. The sudo command provides a mechanism for granting administrator privileges to this new user.

Fresh Installation

This method will remove all your data and previously installed operating system. So, make sure you have backed up your data.

Linux is an operating system. Basically operating system is a software that manages computer hardware resource and provides interface to run other programs. You must have operating system installed on your computer like Windows, Mac, Linux or any other.

Linux is a multi-user operating system, so it has security to prevent people from accessing each other’s confidential files. When you execute an 'ls' command, you are not given any information about the details of the files. You can get more information by using an option with the 'ls' command.

If you have installed Linux on your system, then there are different pre-created directories. This directories are created by Linux as per its conventions to put its system created files. You can also put your own files in these directories.

• Ubuntu

The new version of Ubuntu will be 18.04. Its new name is Bionic Beaver.

• VestaCP

Change the password as follows:

1. Open: /var/lib/roundcube/config/db.inc.php and then look for the password in the command

$rcmail_config['db_dsnw'] = 'mysql://roundcube:password@localhost/roundcube';

2. Copy the password only.

3. Now open: /etc/roundcube/debian-db.php

4. Find:

$dbpass='wrong_password';

5. Replace "wrong_password" with the correct password that you just copied.

• Linux Commands

The chown command changes ownership (user or group) of files and directories in a Linux filesystem. Linux is designed to support a large number of users. Because of this, it needs to keep careful track of who is allowed to access a file, and how they can access it. These access rules are called permissions.

The UNIX system was developed by researchers who needed a set of modern computing tools to help them with their projects. The system allowed a group of people working together on a project to share selected data and programs while keeping other information private.